Logic Pro User Guide for iPad
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- What is Logic Pro?
- Working areas
- Work with function buttons
- Work with numeric values
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- Intro to tracks
- Create tracks
- Create tracks using drag and drop
- Choose the default region type for a software instrument track
- Select tracks
- Duplicate tracks
- Reorder tracks
- Rename tracks
- Change track icons
- Change track colors
- Use the tuner on an audio track
- Show the output track in the Tracks area
- Delete tracks
- Edit track parameters
- Start a Logic Pro subscription
- How to get help
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- Intro to recording
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- Before recording software instruments
- Record software instruments
- Record additional software instrument takes
- Record to multiple software instrument tracks
- Record multiple MIDI devices to multiple tracks
- Record software instruments and audio simultaneously
- Merge software instrument recordings
- Spot erase software instrument recordings
- Replace software instrument recordings
- Capture your most recent MIDI performance
- Route MIDI internally to software instrument tracks
- Record with Low Latency Monitoring mode
- Use the metronome
- Use the count-in
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- Intro to arranging
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- Intro to regions
- Select regions
- Cut, copy, and paste regions
- Move regions
- Remove gaps between regions
- Delay region playback
- Trim regions
- Loop regions
- Repeat regions
- Mute regions
- Split and join regions
- Stretch regions
- Separate a MIDI region by note pitch
- Bounce regions in place
- Change the gain of audio regions
- Create regions in the Tracks area
- Convert a MIDI region to a Session Player region or a pattern region
- Rename regions
- Change the color of regions
- Delete regions
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- Intro to chords
- Add and delete chords
- Select chords
- Cut, copy, and paste chords
- Move and resize chords
- Loop chords on the Chord track
- Edit chords
- Work with chord groups
- Use chord progressions
- Change the chord rhythm
- Choose which chords a Session Player region follows
- Analyze the key signature of a range of chords
- Create fades on audio regions
- Extract vocal and instrumental stems with Stem Splitter
- Access mixing functions using the Fader
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- Intro to Step Sequencer
- Use Step Sequencer with Drum Machine Designer
- Record Step Sequencer patterns live
- Step record Step Sequencer patterns
- Load and save patterns
- Modify pattern playback
- Edit steps
- Edit rows
- Edit Step Sequencer pattern, row, and step settings in the inspector
- Customize Step Sequencer
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- Effect plug-ins overview
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- Instrument plug-ins overview
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- ES2 overview
- Interface overview
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- Modulation overview
- Use the Mod Pad
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- Vector Envelope overview
- Use Vector Envelope points
- Use Vector Envelope solo and sustain points
- Set Vector Envelope segment times
- Vector Envelope XY pad controls
- Vector Envelope Actions menu
- Vector Envelope loop controls
- Vector Envelope point transition shapes
- Vector Envelope release phase behavior
- Use Vector Envelope time scaling
- Modulation source reference
- Via modulation source reference
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- Sample Alchemy overview
- Interface overview
- Add source material
- Save a preset
- Edit mode
- Play modes
- Source overview
- Synthesis modes
- Granular controls
- Additive effects
- Additive effect controls
- Spectral effect
- Spectral effect controls
- Filter module
- Low, bandpass, and highpass filters
- Comb PM filter
- Downsampler filter
- FM filter
- Envelope generators
- Mod Matrix
- Modulation routing
- Motion mode
- Trim mode
- More menu
- Sampler
- Studio Piano
- Copyright
Additive synthesis with draw bars
The Hammond B3 is the classic draw bar organ. As with an air-driven pipe organ, the registers (draw bars, or “stops” on a pipe organ) can be pulled out to engage them. In contrast to a pipe organ, however, the B3 allows seamless mixing of any draw bar registers. The closer toward you that the draw bars are dragged, the louder the corresponding tones.
Despite characteristics such as key clicks, variable intonation, distortions, and crosstalk (all of which Vintage B3 emulates), playing a single note, with a single register, results in a pure sine tone. Mixing sine tones results in more complex harmonic spectra; this is known as additive synthesis. Organs—even pipe organs—can be regarded as additive synthesizers. Several limitations should be considered before viewing the instrument in this way. These limitations, on the other hand, constitute the charm and character of any real musical instrument.
The naming of the draw bars is derived from the length of organ pipes, measured in feet ('). This naming convention is still used with electronic musical instruments.
Halving the length of a pipe doubles its frequency.
Doubling the frequency results in an upward transposition of one octave.
The lowest register—16’ (far left, brown draw bar)—and the higher octave registers—8’, 4’, 2’, and 1’ (white draw bars)—can be freely mixed, in any combination. 16’ is commonly described as the sub-octave. With the sub-octave regarded as the fundamental tone, or first harmonic, the octave above 8’ is the second harmonic, 4’ the fourth harmonic, 2’ the eighth harmonic, and 1’ the sixteenth harmonic.
With the 5 1/3’ register—the second brown draw bar—you can add the third harmonic. This is the fifth above the 8’. Basically, the draw bars are arranged by pitch, with one exception. The second draw bar (5 1/3’) sounds a fifth higher than the third draw bar. See the residual effect for an explanation.
The 2 2/3’ register generates the sixth harmonic, 1 3/5’ the tenth harmonic, and 1 1/3’ the twelfth harmonic.
An electromechanical tonewheel organ offers the choice of the following registers/harmonics: 1 (16’), 2 (8’), 3 (5 1/3’), 4 (4’), 6 (2 2/3’), 8 (2’), 10 (1 3/5’), 12 (1 1/3’), and 16 (1’). As you can see, the harmonic spectrum is nowhere near complete. This is one of the main reasons for the common practice of using overdrive and distortion effects with electromechanical tonewheel organs—they enrich the harmonic spectra by generating more harmonics.
Note: 2 2/3’ is the fifth over 4’. 1 3/5’ is the major third over 2’. 1 1/3’ is the fifth over 2’. In the bass range, this can lead to inharmonic tones, especially when playing bass lines in a minor key. This is because mixing 2’, 1 3/5’, and 1 1/3’ results in a major chord.
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