Logic Pro User Guide for iPad
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- What is Logic Pro?
- Working areas
- Work with function buttons
- Work with numeric values
- Undo and redo edits in Logic Pro for iPad
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- Intro to tracks
- Create tracks
- Create tracks using drag and drop
- Choose the default region type for a software instrument track
- Select tracks
- Duplicate tracks
- Reorder tracks
- Rename tracks
- Change track icons
- Change track colors
- Use the tuner on an audio track
- Show the output track in the Tracks area
- Delete tracks
- Edit track parameters
- Start a Logic Pro subscription
- How to get help
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- Intro to recording
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- Before recording software instruments
- Record software instruments
- Record additional software instrument takes
- Record to multiple software instrument tracks
- Record multiple MIDI devices to multiple tracks
- Record software instruments and audio simultaneously
- Merge software instrument recordings
- Spot erase software instrument recordings
- Replace software instrument recordings
- Capture your most recent MIDI performance
- Route MIDI internally to software instrument tracks
- Record with Low Latency Monitoring mode
- Use the metronome
- Use the count-in
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- Intro to arranging
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- Intro to regions
- Select regions
- Cut, copy, and paste regions
- Move regions
- Remove gaps between regions
- Delay region playback
- Trim regions
- Loop regions
- Repeat regions
- Mute regions
- Split and join regions
- Stretch regions
- Separate a MIDI region by note pitch
- Bounce regions in place
- Change the gain of audio regions
- Create regions in the Tracks area
- Convert a MIDI region to a Session Player region or a pattern region
- Replace a MIDI region with a Session Player region in Logic Pro for iPad
- Rename regions
- Change the color of regions
- Delete regions
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- Intro to chords
- Add and delete chords
- Select chords
- Cut, copy, and paste chords
- Move and resize chords
- Loop chords on the Chord track
- Color chords on the Chord track
- Edit chords
- Work with chord groups
- Use chord progressions
- Change the chord rhythm
- Choose which chords a Session Player region follows
- Analyze the key signature of a range of chords
- Create fades on audio regions
- Extract vocal and instrumental stems with Stem Splitter
- Access mixing functions using the Fader
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- Intro to Step Sequencer
- Use Step Sequencer with Drum Machine Designer
- Record Step Sequencer patterns live
- Step record Step Sequencer patterns
- Load and save patterns
- Modify pattern playback
- Edit steps
- Edit rows
- Edit Step Sequencer pattern, row, and step settings in the inspector
- Customize Step Sequencer
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- Intro to mixing
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- Channel strip types
- Channel strip controls
- Peak level display and clipping
- Set channel strip volume
- Set channel strip input format
- Set the output for a channel strip
- Set channel strip pan position
- Mute and solo channel strips
- Reorder channel strips in the Mixer in Logic Pro for iPad
- Replace a patch on a channel strip using drag and drop
- Work with plug-ins in the Mixer
- Search for plug-ins in the Mixer in Logic Pro for iPad
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- Effect plug-ins overview
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- Instrument plug-ins overview
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- ES2 overview
- Interface overview
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- Modulation overview
- Use the Mod Pad
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- Vector Envelope overview
- Use Vector Envelope points
- Use Vector Envelope solo and sustain points
- Set Vector Envelope segment times
- Vector Envelope XY pad controls
- Vector Envelope Actions menu
- Vector Envelope loop controls
- Vector Envelope point transition shapes
- Vector Envelope release phase behavior
- Use Vector Envelope time scaling
- Modulation source reference
- Via modulation source reference
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- Sample Alchemy overview
- Interface overview
- Add source material
- Save a preset
- Edit mode
- Play modes
- Source overview
- Synthesis modes
- Granular controls
- Additive effects
- Additive effect controls
- Spectral effect
- Spectral effect controls
- Filter module
- Low, bandpass, and highpass filters
- Comb PM filter
- Downsampler filter
- FM filter
- Envelope generators
- Mod Matrix
- Modulation routing
- Motion mode
- Trim mode
- More menu
- Sampler
- Studio Piano
- Copyright
Use ES2 frequency modulation in Logic Pro for iPad
The principle of frequency modulation (FM) synthesis was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by John Chowning. It was popularized by the Yamaha DX synthesizers in the 1980s. Although the ES2 can’t be compared with the DX series in the discipline of pure FM synthesis, it can achieve some of the signature sounds of these instruments.
In pure FM synthesis, the frequency of one signal generator, or oscillator, is altered (modulated) by another signal generator. Positive values from the second generator increase the frequency of the first generator. Negative values decrease the frequency. In a synthesizer, this type of modulation takes place in the audible range. Depending on the design of the instrument, you can hear the signals of either the first oscillator alone (being modulated by the other oscillator), or both oscillators. The interaction between the two generators alters the waveform signal of the first oscillator and introduces a number of new harmonics. This harmonic spectrum can then be used as the source signal for further sound processing, such as filtering, envelope control, and so on. See Frequency modulation (FM) synthesis for further information.
In ES2, the frequency of oscillator 1 (with a sine wave chosen—zero position for both the Waveform knob and Digiwave slider) can be modulated by the output signal of oscillator 2.
When oscillator 2 outputs a positive signal, the frequency of oscillator 1 increases.
When oscillator 2 outputs a negative signal, the frequency of oscillator 1 decreases.
The net effect of speeding up or slowing down the frequency of oscillator 1 in each waveform cycle is a distortion of the basic wave shape. This waveform distortion also has the side benefit of introducing a number of new, audible harmonics.
Important: The impact of any frequency modulations you perform depends on both the frequency ratio and the modulation intensity of the two oscillators.
The “pure” FM synthesis method uses a sine wave for both the first and second signal generator (both oscillator 1 and 2 would be limited to generating a sine wave in ES2 if you stuck with this approach). ES2, however, provides 100 Digiwaves and countless combinations of modulation intensities and frequency ratios that can be used for either oscillator. This provides a vast pool of harmonic spectra and tonal colors for you to experiment with.
Tip: The type of modulation that occurs can vary significantly when different waveforms are chosen for oscillator 2—the modulating oscillator—in particular.
Set the frequency ratio and adjust the modulation intensity
In Logic Pro ES2, adjust the frequency (Semitone and Detune) parameter values of one, or both, oscillators 1 and 2.
Set the FM amount (shown as a percentage) with the oscillator 1 Waveform knob.
This determines the intensity of frequency modulation.
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