Recommended settings for Wi-Fi routers and access points

For the best security, performance, and reliability, we recommend these settings for Wi-Fi routers, base stations, or access points used with Apple products.

The information in this article is primarily for network administrators and others who manage their own network. For information about how to join a Wi-Fi network, consult these articles instead:

• Connect Mac to Wi-Fi

• Connect iPhone or iPad to Wi-Fi

• Connect Apple Vision Pro to Wi-Fi

About Wi-Fi privacy and security warnings

If your Apple device shows a privacy warning or weak-security warning about a Wi-Fi network, such as a warning about a private Wi-Fi address, that network could expose information about your device. If you administer the Wi-Fi network, we recommend that you update the settings of your Wi-Fi router to meet or exceed the security standards in this article. If you don't administer the Wi-Fi network, bring these settings to the attention of the network administrator.

Router settings

Before changing settings, back up your router's existing settings in case you need to restore them. Also make sure that your router's firmware is up to date, and install the latest software updates for your Apple devices. After changing settings, you might need to forget the network on each device that previously joined the network. The device then uses the router's new settings when rejoining the network.

To help ensure that your Apple devices can connect securely and reliably to your network, apply these settings consistently to each Wi-Fi router and access point, and to each band of a dual-band, tri-band, or other multiband router:

• Security

• Network name (SSID)

• Hidden network

• MAC address filtering

• Automatic firmware updates

• Radio mode

• Bands

• Channel

• Channel width

• DHCP

• DHCP lease time

• NAT

• WMM

• DNS server

The security setting defines the type of authentication and encryption used by your router, and the level of privacy protection for data transmitted over its network. Whichever setting you choose, always set a strong password for joining the network.

• WPA3 Personal is the newest, most secure protocol currently available for Wi-Fi devices. It works with all devices that support Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), and some older devices.

• WPA2/WPA3 Transitional is a mixed mode that uses WPA3 Personal with devices that support that protocol, while allowing older devices to use WPA2 Personal (AES) instead.

• WPA2 Personal (AES)is appropriate when you can't use one of the more secure modes. In that case, also choose AES as the encryption or cipher type, if available.

Weak security settings to avoid on your router

Don't create or join networks that use older, deprecated security protocols. They're no longer secure, they reduce network reliability and performance, and they cause your device to show a security warning:

• WPA/WPA2 mixed modes

• WPA Personal

• WEP, including WEP Open, WEP Shared, WEP Transitional Security Network, or Dynamic WEP (WEP with 802.1X)

• TKIP, including any security setting with TKIP in the name

Settings that turn off security, such as None, Open, or Unsecured, are also strongly discouraged. Turning off security disables authentication and encryption and allows anyone to join your network, access its shared resources (including printers, computers, and smart devices), use your internet connection, and monitor the websites you visit and other data transmitted over your network or internet connection. This is a risk even if security is turned off temporarily or for a guest network.

The SSID (service set identifier) is the name that your network uses to advertise its presence to other devices. It's the name that nearby users see on their device's list of available Wi-Fi networks.

• Make sure that all routers on your network use the same name for every band they support. If you give your 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, or 6 GHz bands different names, devices might not connect reliably to your network, to all routers on your network, or to all available bands of your routers. If your router is providing a Wi-Fi 6E network that isn't using the same name for all bands, Apple devices that support Wi-Fi 6E will identify the network as having limited compatibility.

• Use a name that's unique to your network. Don't use common names or default names such as linksys, netgear, dlink, wireless, or 2wire. Otherwise, devices that join your network are more likely to encounter other networks that have the same name, and then automatically try to connect to them.

A router can be configured to hide its network name (SSID). Your router might incorrectly use “closed” to mean hidden, and “broadcast” to mean not hidden.

Hiding the network name doesn't conceal the network from detection or secure it against unauthorized access. And because of how devices search for and connect to Wi-Fi networks, using a hidden network might expose information that can be used to identify you and the hidden networks you use, such as your home network. When connected to a hidden network, your device might show a privacy warning because of this privacy risk.

To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.

When this feature is enabled, your router can be set up to allow only devices that have specified MAC (media access control) addresses to join the network. You shouldn't rely on this feature to prevent unauthorized access to your network, for these reasons:

• It doesn't prevent network observers from monitoring or intercepting traffic on the network.

• MAC addresses can easily be copied, spoofed (impersonated), or changed.

• To help protect user privacy, some Apple devices use a different MAC address for each Wi-Fi network.

To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.

If possible, set your router to automatically install software and firmware updates as they become available. These updates can affect the security settings available to you, and they deliver other important improvements to the stability, performance, and security of your router.

Radio mode settings, available separately for 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz bands, control which versions of the Wi-Fi standard the router uses for wireless communication. Newer versions offer better performance and support more devices concurrently.

It's usually best to enable every mode offered by your router, rather then a subset of those modes. All devices, including older devices, can then connect using the fastest radio mode they support. This also helps reduce interference from nearby legacy networks and devices.

A Wi-Fi band is like a street over which data can flow. More bands provide more data capacity and performance for your network.

Each band of your router is divided into multiple, independent communication channels, like lanes in a street. When channel selection is set to automatic, your router selects the best Wi-Fi channel for you.

If your router doesn't support automatic channel selection, choose whichever channel performs best in your network environment. That varies depending on the Wi-Fi interference in your network environment, which can include interference from other routers and devices that are using the same channel. If you have multiple routers, configure each to use a different channel, especially if they are close to each other.

Channel width specifies how large of a “pipe” is available to transfer data. Wider channels are faster but more susceptible to interference and more likely to interfere with other devices.

• 20 MHz for the 2.4 GHz band helps to avoid performance and reliability issues, especially near other Wi-Fi networks and 2.4 GHz devices, including Bluetooth devices.

• Auto or all channel widths for 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands ensures the best performance and compatibility with all devices. Wireless interference is less of a concern in these bands.

DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) assigns IP addresses to devices on your network. Each IP address identifies a device on the network and enables it to communicate with other devices on the network and internet. A network device needs an IP address much like a phone needs a phone number.

Your network should have only one DHCP server. If DHCP is enabled on more than one device, such as on both your cable modem and router, address conflicts might prevent some devices from connecting to the internet or using network resources.

DHCP lease time is the length of time that an IP address assigned to a device is reserved for that device.

Wi-Fi routers usually have a limited number of IP addresses that they can assign to devices on the network. If that number is depleted, the router can't assign IP addresses to new devices, preventing those devices from communicating with other devices on the network and internet. Reducing DHCP lease time allows the router to more quickly reclaim and reassign old IP addresses that are no longer being used.

NAT (network address translation) translates between addresses on the internet and addresses on your network. NAT can be understood by imagining a company's mail department, where deliveries to employees at the company's street address are routed to employee offices within the building.

Generally, enable NAT only on your router. If NAT is enabled on more than one device, such as on both your cable modem and router, the resulting “double NAT” might cause devices to lose access to certain resources on the network or internet.

WMM (Wi-Fi multimedia) prioritizes network traffic to improve the performance of a variety of network applications, such as video and voice. All routers that support Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n) or later should have WMM enabled by default. Disabling WMM can affect the performance and reliability of devices on the network.

To easily access websites on the internet, devices need a DNS (Domain Name System) server to translate domain names (such as apple.com) into IP addresses. By default, your router uses the DNS server of your internet service provider (ISP). If it's configured to use a different DNS server, your devices will by default use that server while connected to your router's network.

If your device warns you that your network is blocking encrypted DNS traffic, you can continue using the configured DNS server, but the names of websites and other servers that your device accesses on the network are unencrypted and therefore could be monitored and recorded by other devices on the network. You can contact your ISP or other DNS provider for more information, but first try these solutions: Make sure that your software is up to date and your security setting is configured as recommended. Restart your device. Restart your router. Forget the Wi-Fi network and then rejoin it.

Features that can affect Wi-Fi connections

These features can affect how you set up your router or the devices that connect to it.

Private Wi-Fi Address

If you're connecting to a Wi-Fi network from an iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, or Apple Vision Pro, learn about using private Wi-Fi addresses on those devices.

Location Services

Make sure that your device has Location Services turned on for Wi-Fi networking, because regulations in each country or region define the Wi-Fi channels and wireless signal strength allowed there. Location Services helps to ensure that your device can reliably see and connect to nearby devices, and that it performs well when using Wi-Fi or features that rely on Wi-Fi, such as AirPlay or AirDrop.

Mac with macOS Ventura or later

1. Choose Apple menu  > System Settings, then click Privacy & Security in the sidebar.

2. Click Location Services on the right.

3. Scroll to the bottom of the list of apps and services, then click the Details button next to System Services.

4. Turn on “Networking and wireless”, then click Done.

Mac with macOS Monterey or earlier

1. Choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, then click Security & Privacy.

2. Click the lock in the corner of the window, then enter your administrator password.

3. In the Privacy tab, select Location Services, then select Enable Location Services.

4. Scroll to the bottom of the list of apps and services, then click the Details button next to System Services.

5. Select Networking & Wireless (or Wi-Fi Networking), then click Done.

iPhone, iPad, and Apple Vision Pro

1. Go to Settings > Privacy & Security > Location Services.

2. Turn on Location Services.

3. Scroll to the bottom of the list, then tap System Services.

4. Turn on Networking & Wireless (or Wi-Fi Networking).

Auto-Join when used with wireless carrier Wi-Fi networks

Wireless carrier Wi-Fi networks are public networks set up by your wireless carrier and its partners. Your iPhone or other Apple cellular device always recognizes these as known, managed networks, and it joins them automatically. If you see a privacy warning under the network's name in Wi-Fi settings, your cellular identity could be exposed if your device were to automatically join a malicious hotspot impersonating that network. To avoid this possibility and prevent your device from automatically joining the network, turn off Auto-Join for that network:

1. Go to Settings > Wi-Fi.

2. Tap Edit in the corner of the screen to see the networks known to your device.

3. Scroll down to the Managed Networks section of the list, which includes your wireless carrier’s public networks. (This section of the list is not editable.)

4. Tap the More Info button next to the name of a network, then turn off Auto-Join for that network.